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7. UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, Situation
of Human Rights in the Philippines, UN Human
Rights Council (4 June 2020), at para 50, online:
<www.ohchr.org/Documents/Countries/PH/
Philippines-HRC44-AEV.pdf>.
8. Lawyers’ Rights Watch Canada, “Philippines: Extra-
judicial Killing of Jurists 2006-2019 | Appendix to
Joint Written Statement to the UN Human Rights
Council” (9 September 2019), online: <www.lrwc.
org/philippines-extrajudicial-killing-of-jurists-
appendix/>. See the full written statement: <www.
lrwc.org/philippines-extrajudicial-killing-of-jurists-
written-statement-to-the-hrc/>.
9. Law Society of England and Wales et al, “Joint
Stakeholder Submission to the UN Human Rights
Council’s Universal Periodic Review: Turkey” (submit-
ted to the International Coalition of Legal Organisa-
tions, 35th Session (Jan-Feb 2020)), online: <www.
lrwc.org/ws/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/UPRTurkey
Combined.pdf>.
10. International Bar Association’s Human Rights Insti-
tute, “IBAHRI Joins Call to End Freedom of Expres-
sion Restrictions in China”, joined by LRWC et al (14
July 2020), online: <www.ibanet.org/Article/New
Detail.aspx?ArticleUid=37be6810-6459-4cc2-
ab47-c52cc42a8ce5>. See also International Ser-
vice for Human Rights, Human Rights Defenders and
Lawyers in China: A Mid-Term Assessment of Imple-
mentation During the UPR Second Cycle (May
2016), online: <www.ohchr.org/Documents/HR
Bodies/UPR/NGOsMidTermReports/ISHR_midterm
_China.pdf>.
11. Lawyers’ Rights Watch Canada, “The Year That Mas-
sacres Returned to Colombia” in Action News,
2021(1) (15 January 2021), online: <www.lrwc.
org/category/publications/newsletters/>.
12. Ibid at 6–7.
13. Colombian Caravana et al, “Colombia: Allegations
of Illegal Surveillance Against Lawyers and Other
Human Rights Defenders | Joint Letter” (23 July
2020), online: <www.lrwc.org/colombia-allegations
-of-illegal-surveillance-against-lawyers-and-other-
human-rights-defenders-joint-letter/>.
14. Catherine Morris, “Lawyers in Danger: Threats to
Advocates Worldwide” (2020) 78 Advocate 867.
15. Report with list of names, 22 December 2020, on file
with LRWC.
16. Ibid.
17. The Arrested Lawyers Initiative, “Bar Associations of
Turkey: Turkey Has Become the Largest Prisoner of
Lawyers (24 February 2020), online: <arrested-
lawyers.org/2020/02/24/turkey-has-become-the-
largest-prisoner-of-lawyers/>.
18. Morris, supra note 14.
19. Lawyers’ Rights Watch Canada, “Saudi Arabia:
Arbitrary Detention, Torture of Women’s Rights
Defender Loujain Al-Hathloul | Letter” (18 December
2020), online: <www.lrwc.org/saudi-arabia-arbi
trary-detention-torture-of-womens-rights-defenderloujain
al-hathloul/>.
20. UN General Assembly, Universal Declaration of
Human Rights, 10 December 1948, 217 A (III), arts 8,
10, online: <www.un.org/en/universal-declarationhuman
rights/>. See also OHCHR, Press Release,
“Saudi Arabia: UN Experts Alarmed by Loujain Al-
Hathloul Trial, Call for Immediate Release” (10 December
2020), online: <www.ohchr.org/ EN/News
Events/Pages/DisplayNews.as px?NewsID=26593&
LangID=E>; UN Working Group on Arbitrary Detention,
“Opinion No. 10/2018 concerning Waleed
Abulkhair (Saudi Arabia)”, 4 July 2018, A/HRC/
WGAD/2018/10, at paras 28 and 73, online:
<www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/Detention/
Opinions/Session81/A_HRC_WGAD_2018_10.pdf>.
21. The customary international law principle of legality
requires that criminal laws adhere to standards of
certainty, non-retroactivity, accessibility and foresee-
ability. For further explanation, see Lois Leslie,
Attacking Defenders: The Criminalization of Human
Rights Advocacy (Vancouver: Lawyers’ Rights Watch
Canada, 2020) at 50–62, online: <www.lrwc.org/
attacking-defenders-the-criminalization-of-human-
rights-advocacy/>.
22. Gulf Center for Human Rights, “Saudi Arabia:
Update: Seven Saudi Women’s Rights Defenders
Branded as Traitors in a Dangerous New Wave of
Arrests” (21 May 2018), online: <www.gc4hr.org/
news/view/1867>.
23. For examples, see Lawyers’ Rights Watch Canada et
al, “China: Incommunicado Detention of Human
Rights Lawyer Chang Weiping” (11 November
2020), online: <www.lrwc.org/china-chineseauthorities
placing-human-rights-lawyer-chang-
weiping-under-residential-surveillance-joint-state
ment>; Lawyers’ Rights Watch Canada, “China:
Released Chinese Rights Lawyer Wang Quanzhang
Finally Reunites with Family” (27 April 2020),
online: <www.lrwc.org/china-released-chineserights
lawyer-wang-quanzhang-finally-reunites-
with-family>.
24. China Human Rights Lawyers Concern Group et al,
“China: Incommunicado Detention of Human Rights
Lawyer Chang Weiping | Joint Statement” (9
November 2020), online: <www.lrwc.org/chinachinese
authorities-placing-human-rights-lawyer-
chang-weiping-under-residential-surveillance-joint-
statement/>.
25. UN, Press Release, “UN Experts Call for Decisive
Measures to Protect Fundamental Freedoms in
China” (26 June 2020), online: <ohchr.org/EN/
NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=26
006&LangID=E>.
26. Deirdre Shesgreen, “‘The World’s on Fire’ and Other
Takeaways from Biden’s Secretary of State Nominee
Confirmation Hearing”, USA Today (19 January
2021), online: <www.usatoday.com/story/news/
politics/elections/2021/01/19/biden-nominee-
antony-blinken-china-committing-genocide-uyghurs
/4215835001/>.
27. Independent Tribunal into Forced Organ Harvesting
of Prisoners of Conscience in China, Judgment, 1
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